| 张坤,杨晓菁,赵世东,林峤涵.2023.白头鹎鸣唱特征的季节差异分析.动物学杂志,58(2):161-172. |
| 白头鹎鸣唱特征的季节差异分析 |
| Seasonal Variations in the Song Characteristics of Light-vented Bulbuls Pycnonotus sinensis |
| 投稿时间：2022-08-08 修订日期：2023-01-20 |
| DOI：10.13859/j.cjz.202302001 |
| 中文关键词: 鸣唱 白头鹎 季节差异 |
| 英文关键词:Bird song Pycnonotus sinensis Seasonal variation |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目（No. 31000964） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 许多动物的声通讯行为存在显著的季节变化，鸟类的鸣唱也是如此。雄鸟鸣唱具有宣告领域和吸引配偶的功能，在繁殖季节与非繁殖季节之间应存在一定差异，但差异如何？具体表现在哪些方面？这在很多鸟类中尚未可知。本研究以一种在秋季也有显著鸣唱行为的城市常见小型鸣禽——白头鹎（Pycnonotus sinensis）为研究对象，比较其在春季（繁殖季）与秋季（非繁殖季）的鸣唱差异，并分析可能的原因。于2020至2021连续两年的春、秋季分别在武汉地区各采集了27只和30只雄性白头鹎的鸣唱录音，共测量分析春季鸣唱372个，秋季鸣唱435个。对测得的各鸣唱参数数据进行季节间比较，结果显示，白头鹎的鸣唱持续时间和鸣唱音节数存在显著季节差异，春季鸣唱的持续时间较秋季更长，鸣唱音节数更多。鸣唱的频率、能量分布等其他声学参数，以及鸣唱型出现率（反映鸣唱曲目大小）均未表现出显著季节差异。白头鹎鸣唱的时程特征相对其他鸣声特征更具季节可塑性。此外，还发现同一采样点的白头鹎春、秋两季使用相同的鸣唱型。本研究结果表明，春季白头鹎的单位时间鸣唱输出量更大，鸣唱行为更活跃，这与繁殖季节鸟类的领域性更强、为繁殖成功投入更多相一致。白头鹎在秋季仍需通过鸣唱对领地和食物等资源进行一定程度的守卫，其秋季鸣唱可能主要用于种内个体间的生存资源竞争。本研究为揭示鸟类鸣声通讯行为的季节变化规律以及鸟类鸣唱的功能提供了新的参考。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| [Objectives] There are significant seasonal variations in the acoustic communication of many animals, as does the bird song. Bird song that functions in mate attraction and territory defense should differ somewhat between the breeding and non-breeding seasons, but how? And in what specific ways? This is not yet known in many bird species. In this study, Light-vented Bulbuls Pycnonotus sinensis, a common urban songbird species, which also have significant singing behavior in autumn (non-breeding season), were focused on to examine the seasonal variations in their songs. [Methods] Song characteristics of Light-vented Bulbuls in spring (breeding season) and those in autumn were compared. Song recordings of 27 males in spring and 30 males in autumn were collected respectively from 2020 to 2021 in Wuhan, China (Fig. 1). 372 songs in spring and 435 songs in autumn were measured and analyzed. The following song parameters were measured and calculated for songs of each male (Fig. 2): 1) song parameters on frequency: maximum frequency, minimum frequency, frequency range, peak frequency; 2) song parameters on timing: song duration, between-song interval, song rate, peak time relative; 3) song parameters on energy distribution: aggregate entropy, average entropy; 4) song parameters on quality traits: number of syllables per song, number of syllable types per song and song type occurrence rate (number of song types / number of songs recorded per individual, equivalent to song repertoire). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is used to compare the overall difference of all song parameters between season groups. If there is a significant difference, each song parameter is then compared separately between seasons (independent sample t-test). The song types shared by Light-vented Bulbuls in spring and in autumn were analyzed from spectrogram inspection. [Results] Results suggested that there were significant differences between breeding and non-breeding seasons in the following two song parameters of Light-vented Bulbuls: song duration and number of song syllables per song (both P < 0.01) (Table 1). Song durations of Light-vented Bulbuls in spring are significantly longer, and the numbers of syllables per song in spring are also significantly more than those in autumn, while song parameters on frequency, energy distribution and song type occurrence rate did not show significant differences between seasons (all P > 0.05) (Table 1). Light-vented Bulbuls in the same recording site were found to share song types across seasons (Fig. 3). [Conclusion] In summary, this study suggested that only the song timing characteristics (song duration) and syllable numbers per song of Light-vented Bulbuls show significant seasonal plasticity. Light-vented Bulbuls’ longer songs in spring with more syllables indicated their song output in spring is more than that in autumn, reflecting the song behavior in spring is more active, which is consistent with the fact that birds invest more energy for breeding success during breeding season than in non-breeding season. It is speculated that Light-vented Bulbuls still need to defend territories and food resources through singing in autumn and their autumn songs are believed to mainly function in intraspecific competition. This study provides further evidence for understanding the seasonal variations and the function of bird song. |
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