Abstract:Female concave-eared torrent frogs (Odorrana tormota) are known to actively vocalize during the reproductive season. Their vocal signals have been well characterized, but the roles of their calls in intersexual mating and the overall mating behavior, in particular how females interact and communicate with males at short ranges, are poorly understood. In order to gain insights into these issues, we used focal animal and all occurrence samplings to record audio visually the behavior of the female (and the males) prior to forming an amplexus. We performed 91 pairings over the span of five years (2013﹣2016; 2018) and, of these, 49 resulted in amplexus and 42 did not. Our audio visual data revealed that short-range intersexual communication in concave-eared torrent frogs involved female emitting multimodal communication signals, including visual signals (eye blink, head bob, belly inflation, toe tapping, back to the male) and acoustic signals. In pairings resulted in amplexus, all visual signals were emitted once or twice, and occasionally 3﹣4 times and acoustic signals was usually emitted 1 to 3 times (Fig. 1). The three most predominant signals were eye blink, vocal signal, and belly inflation. Visual signals were used more often than acoustic signals (Fig. 2). Females appeared to emit signals selectively as the frequencies of emission of eye blink, head bob and belly inflation by individual females differed significantly when pairing resulted in amplexus and when pairing did not produce amplexus (Wilcoxon’s signed rank tests, P < 0.05), and vocal signal, belly inflation, toe tapping, and back to the male appeared only in pairing experiments resulting in amplexus. The differential occurrence of these signals suggests that emission of signals enhanced the probability of amplexus.