Abstract:Tracking the migration of migratory birds is an important way to understand the annual cycle of their life history. The Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) is widely distributed in the world, with a lack of tracking studies along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. In February 2018, adult Whimbrels were captured in Broome, northwest Australia and were deployed with platform transmitter terminals (PTTs) or Global Positioning System-Global System for Mobile Communications (GPS-GSM) tags to explore their migration timing, migration routes, and the locations of stopover and breeding sites. A total of 6 378 records of geographical locations with higher than 1 km from seven individuals (three with PTTs and four with GPS-GSM tags) were used for analysis. We defined that birds stopped migratory flight when there were at least two geographical locations within 25 km were recorded in over 24 h. If the data before or after the critical time were absent, the median of adjacent values were used as the inference value. The migration duration was defined as the number of days between the date that birds started migration and the date that birds arrived at migration destination. The total stopover duration was defined as the sum of length of time that birds stayed at all the stopover sites along their migration route. The great-circle distance between two adjacent stopover site was used as migration distance. Results shows that during spring migration, the migration duration was 36 ± 4 d; birds spent 23 ± 2 d at 1﹣3 stopover sites; the total migration distance was 9 795 ± 346 km (n = 7, Table 1, 2) in spring. The breeding sites of Whimbrels were located in eastern and central Russia. The latitudes of breeding sites were similar among individuals while the longitudes of breeding sites greatly varied (Fig. 1). In autumn, the migration duration was 90 ± 27 d; birds stayed for 79 ± 29 d at 2﹣4 stopover sites; the total migration distance was 10 101 ± 520 km (n = 5, Table 1, 2). Stopover sites were widely distributed in coastal and inland regions in East and Southeast Asia during both spring and autumn migration. Most individuals used the similar migration routes in spring and autumn. All the individuals with tracking data for a year used the same wintering sites as the previous winter (Fig. 1), indicating that Whimbrels are highly faithful to their wintering sites.