The structural characteristics of the kidney, especially the nephron of three anurans (Rana chensinensis,Pelophylax nigromaculata and Bufo stejnegeri) were comparatively observed by electron microscopy, light microscopy with H.E and Toluidine blue staining, and Acid phosphatase histochemical method.The three anurans live in different habitats, such as P.nigromaculata in pond (water type) and B.stejnegeri and R.chensinensis in wetland or hills (terrestrial type) after reproductive period.Obvious differences in distributing patterns of renal corpuscle, number of nephrons, length of renal tubules, the glomerulus filtrate areas, the plasma membrane infolding of proximal tubule and distal tubule were observed among these anurans.The kidney of B.stejnegeri had the strongest activity in the functions of filtration and re-absorption.This study indicates that the diversity and characteristics of kidney structures are resulted from the adaptation to their different life habitats.