The avifauna and community structure in Luoshan National Nature Reserve,Ningxia, were investigated from October in 2010 to December in 2011. A total of 164 bird species belonging to 98 genera,46 families and 15 orders were recorded, which contributed about 48.81% of the Ningxia birds as far known.Among of them,51 birds are residents,68 are summer visitors,38 are passing migrants and 7 are winter visitors. Among 119 kinds of breeding birds (summer visitors and residents), 88 are Palaearctic birds, which accounts for 73.95% of all breeders. They are composed of 48 species North type (31 species the Palaearctic elements and 17 species Holarctic type), 12 species Northeast type, 2 species Northeast-North China type, 1 species North-China type,13 species Central-Asian type,9 species Mediterranean-Central Asian type and 3 species Highland type. 15 species (12.61%) are Oriental birds and 16 species (13.45%) are widespread ones. Obviously, the elements of Palaearctic realm are dominant in this avifauna. The analysis on bird diversity showed that bird diversities were different among five main habitats and in different season. The highest bird species number and diversity index was in woodland, and G-F index in water area was the highest. The avian species, G-F index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index were the highest in spring. Some conservation suggestions are put forward for birds and their survival environment.